The Rocca d’Anfo is one of the largest and most imposing military complexes in Italy, now largely abandoned. It is located in Lombardy, on the western shore of Lake Idro, in the municipality of Anfo (BS), nestled between the lake and the mountains in a natural strategic position. The Rocca extends vertically for over 1 km, from the levels close to the lake to the ridges of the mountain.
It is not a single building, but a fortified system consisting of:
• ramparts
• artillery batteries
• tunnels dug into the rock
• barracks
• powder magazines
• observation posts

All connected by military paths and steep stairs, designed for the movement of troops and supplies.

The position completely dominates the lake and the access routes: whoever controlled the Rocca controlled the territory.

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History

Venetian origins (15th–18th centuries)

The first fortifications date back to the Republic of Venice, which used the site to defend its northern borders and trade routes.
Even then, Anfo was a key point for military control.

Napoleonic era

Under Napoleon Bonaparte, the fortress was radically expanded and transformed into a modern fortress for its time.
It was during this period that it took on the complex, layered structure we know today.

Kingdom of Italy and World War I

During the 19th century and World War I, the fortress was further reinforced with:
• new artillery
• defensive tunnels
• logistical structures

Despite its enormous military preparation, it was never the scene of direct combat, but remained a fortress ready for war.

Abandonment

After the First World War, the fortress gradually lost its strategic importance.
With the evolution of military technology, it became obsolete and was finally decommissioned, entering a state of controlled abandonment.